Chip & PIN essays

Chip & PIN essays Fraud cost the UK Government 402 Million last year alone Traditionally when you pay for an item over the counter in any shop throughout the UK, using a credit or debit card, a receipt is printed for you to sign, to verify payment and for the cashier to verify that the card belongs to you by comparing the signature on the back of the card, to the receipt you signed. But recently credit card fraud has been on the increase as criminals are cloning stealing the cards and learning to forge the signature that appears on the card. This is happening more than ever before. Goods can be purchased with the swipe of a card, and a signature on a piece of paper, the cashier has the difficult task to determine whether the signature has been forged or not. This is quite a difficult task because it can be very hard to tell. Card issuers being more aware of this, have launched cards with a 3 digit security code, which is totally unique to the card, and is located on the back of the card (see fig 1.0), which is needed when using the card on-line, this has h elped towards cloning the cards, but if the criminal has stolen the card, this is useless. Now with the introduction of the new Chip cards, customers verify payment by typing in a 4 digit PIN code into a small keypad (see fig 2.0) much like you do at a cash-machine. The cashier verifies the owner of the card by the entry of a correct PIN. So if the card has been stolen, it is near impossible for the criminal to use the card, because they cannot forge the PIN, if a PIN is entered wrong 3 times the card is locked for use and the bank must be contacted. It is also much easier for the card holder to do something if they suspect they have been watched or someone knows their PIN. Previously if someone has cloned the card and the signature is the only form of identity verification, then the card had to be stopped, and a replacement sent out. Assuming the card hasnt been stolen, ...

Verbing - The Process of Turning Nouns Into Verbs

Verbing - The Process of Turning Nouns Into Verbs In a single work day, we might head a task force, eye an opportunity, nose around for good ideas, mouth a greeting, elbow an opponent, strong-arm a colleague, shoulder the blame, stomach a loss, and finally, perhaps,  hand in our resignation. What were doing with all those body parts is called verbingusing nouns (or occasionally other parts of speech) as verbs. Verbing is a time-honored way of coining new words out of old ones, the etymological process of conversion (or functional shifting). Sometimes its also a kind of wordplay (anthimeria), as in Shakespeares King Richard the Second when the Duke of York says, Grace me no grace, and uncle me no uncles. Does Verbing Weird Language? Calvin and Hobbes once discussed verbing in Bill Wattersons great comic strip: Calvin: I like to verb words.​Hobbes: What?Calvin: I take nouns and adjectives and use them as verbs. Remember when access was a thing? Now its something you do. It got verbed. . . . Verbing weirds language.Hobbes: Maybe we can eventually make language a complete impediment to understanding. Echoing Hobbes, countless language mavens have decried the practice of verbinga filthy habit according to an editorial in Britains Guardian newspaper 20 years ago: Let us now resolve to bury . . . a practice which, in the closing months of the year, seemed increasingly to be defacing the English language: the pressing of decent defenceless nouns, which have gone about their business for centuries without giving the mildest offence or provocation, into service as verbs, sometimes in their original form but quite often after a process of horrible mutilation. Evidence of mutilated neologisms at that time included gift, diary, fax, fixture, message, example, and a doughnut   all functioning as verbs. Even the affable Richard Lederer has expressed impatience (or was he impatiented?) with verbing: We ought to accept new words that add color or vigor, but lets short-shrift the ones that dont. Wed like to guilt some writers and speakers into the habit of using words better instead of creating mutants the language doesnt need.(Richard Lederer and Richard Downs, The Write Way: The S.P.E.L.L. Guide to Real-Life Writing. Simon and Schuster, 1995) Love em or loathe em, a number of nouns have recently verbed their way into our conversations and dictionaries, including to contact, to impact, to access, to party, to author, to transition, to privilege, and to workshop. Verbing Makes English English New forms of wordsas well as new uses for old wordstake some getting used to. But the truth is, if those forms and uses stick around for awhile, we do get used to them. Psychologist Steven Pinker estimates that up to a fifth of English verbs are derived from nounsincluding such ancient verbs as rain, snow, and thunder along with more recent converts like oil, pressure, referee, bottle, debut, audition, highlight, diagnose, critique, email, and mastermind. In fact, Pinker reminds us, easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English English (The Language Instinct, 1994). For your amusement or annoyance, lets close (a 13th-century verb that became a noun a century later) with a few contemporary specimens of verbing: When the smart guys started this business of securitizing things that didnt even exist in the first place, who was running the firms they worked for?(quoted by Calvin Trillin in Wall Street Smarts. The New York Times, October 13, 2009)We talked about the project. We dialoguedpassionately yet civillyremembering our earlier discussions about the need for all of us to practice active listening, agree to disagree, . . . using I think and I feel statements, solicit others opinions, and practice the Platinum Rule of treating others how they want to be treated. We dialogued and dialogued.(Christine M. Cress et al., Learning Through Serving: A Student Guidebook for Service-Learning Across the Disciplines. Stylus Publishing, 2005)It takes a certain kind of teacher to turn a teenage student who regularly truanted PE lessons into a county athlete in a matter of months.(Liz Ford, New Teachers and Old, Excelling All Round. The Guardian, July 3, 2007)For sports lovers, you can try to get a bat or a golf club personally signatured by one of their favorite sportspersons, which is bound to be a real treat.(Exotic Christmas Gift Ideas at the website Christmas Gifts Guide, 2009) An amateur baseball powerhouse, Cuba joined the tournament in 1939 and immediately beat Nicaragua for the title. Since then, it has won 25 titles in 37 tournaments and has medaled 29 times.(Benjamin Hoffman, U.S. in Contention at 2009 Baseball World Cup. The New York Times, September 19, 2009) In 10 or 20 years well revisit these upstart verbs to see how many have gained full admittance to the language.

Website Critique of Novotel Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Website Critique of Novotel Hotel - Essay Example Novotel conducts business in both Brick & Mortar and Click & Mortar modes. Novotel has got offices and a chain of luxurious hotels in major cities all over the world. They provide residential and event arrangement services as well as consultancy for travelling and tourism ventures. Novotel can be approached by conventional means i.e.any one can walk into the office and acquire their services or hire their expertise, such a setup is referred to as Brick & Mortar. Companies and business that do business online as well as by conventional means are referred to as Click & Mortar. Click and Mortar is quite different from pure Click setups yet it is possible to get mixed up between the two. How ever the basic difference is that pure click setups only offer their services online where as Click & Mortar setups do business both online as well as the old fashioned face to face way. Novotel tries to attract individual tourists to use their services in the long run and facilitates its customers in great deal. Novotel offers several packages for summer tours, family packages which are all aimed at locating travelers and tourists round the world in specific seasons. The company wants to retain its customers in the long run and offers several products like loyalty card which provides several facilitations to the customers. Here the web portal acts like a Business to Customer portal i.e. B2C. Novotel intends to attract corporations for establishing their corporate business model. Novotel accomplishes this by offering to organize their business meetings, dinners/lunches, meetings, seminars, conferences and other events at their prime locations. With all these services Novotel secures clients in the corporate sector who need arrangements for their new product launching ceremonies at their premises. Novotel also offers special rates to the corporate delegates, business tour plans and wants to establish long term business relationships with the corporate

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The SWOT analysis is used as a tool to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the human resource management practices of the companies. Among the weaknesses of Fifers Bakery is that recruitment is undertaken by the plant managers themselves. There is no formal induction program for new hires. Supervisors and employees view job expectations differently. The weaknesses of Fifers Bakery in human resource management are anchored upon the absence of a human resource department. This article is a comparative analysis of the human resource management practice of two South African companies – Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd. The two companies are leaders in the food processing industry. Fifers Bakery was established by Eddie Hind in 1992. It is now owned by Foodcorp Proprietary Limited after its purchase of First Lifestyle. The companys production facilities are extensive with a variety of equipment and 6000 square meters of factory space provides ample capacity for the production of more than 180 product lines, particularly specialized breads, cakes and â€Å"artisan† baked products. McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd began operations in South Africa in 2000. The company has approximately 1,150 employees nationwide and has its headquarters in Bedfordview, Johannesburg, South Africa. It has four production facilities in South Africa. It is part of McCain Foods Limited which is based in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada. It is the world’s largest producer of French fries and other oven-ready frozen foods. Human resource management is a management function directed at the provision and deployment of a business enterprise’s human resource needs. It falls within the domain of staffing the enterprise. Guest’s normative model is to be used in comparing the personnel management practices of Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd.

Gallaudet University Essay Example for Free

Gallaudet University Essay Gallaudet is a premier and the only university dedicated to educating and broadening the career choices of deaf, hard-of-hearing and a minority of hearing students as well. Duly accredited, it currently offers 40 Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees in its undergraduate program as well as certificates, masteral, specialist and doctoral degrees in its graduate program (Gallaudet, 2008). Gallaudet’s strong commitment to the education of the deaf is also evident in its accomplishment of high-quality research on various aspects of the lives of deaf people. It also maintains the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center catering to deaf and hard-of-hearing children. It is through this center that the university fulfills its federal mandate to pioneer the development, implementation and dissemination of educational strategies for the deaf (Gallaudet, 2008). Gallaudet began as the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, incorporated by Congress in 1857 (Gallaudet, 2008). The original school building was situated on two acres of land in Northeastern Washington, D. C. which was donated by the businessman Amos Kendall the year before. The first set of students was composed of six blind and twelve deaf individuals. The first school superintendent, and later president of the corporation, was Edward Miner Gallaudet whose father, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, founded the first institution for the deaf in the country (Gallaudet, 2008). In 1864, Congress permitted the school to grant college degrees through a law enacted by President Abraham Lincoln and the first commencement happened in June, 1869 where three young men received their diplomas signed by President Ulysses S. Grant (Berke, 2007). Up to the present, the incumbent U. S. President signs the diplomas of Gallaudet graduates. From then on up to the 1950’s, the college underwent many developments as enrollment steadily rose which necessitated the expansion of its physical structure as well as enhancement of the capacity of its faculty and other personnel. Through another act of Congress, the college was renamed Gallaudet College in 1954, in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and in 1969, the two schools that today make up the Laurent Clerc Center were established with the support of the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and President Richard Nixon (Berke, 2007). The evolution and expansion of Gallaudet as an institution continued on to the following decades. Finally, in October 1986, Congress conferred to the 122 year-old college its university status so that in the succeeding semester, the total number of students enrolled in all programs reached a peak of nearly 2,000 (Gallaudet, 2008). Two years later, students launched the Deaf President Now (DPN) to persuade the Board of Trustees to appoint a deaf president, a position that has always been held by hearing people. The DPN campaign’s major impact on the community, the country and even beyond was the greater consciousness it created with regards to deaf people. The pressure that the protest created led to the appointment of I. King Jordan as Gallaudet’s first deaf president while the appointment of Philip Bravin as the first deaf chair of the Board followed fueling changes that today allowed 51 percent of the members of the Board to be deaf (Jordan, 2007). Gallaudet is also renowned for organizing and hosting international gatherings the Deaf Way I in 1989 followed by Deaf Way II in 2002, to â€Å"honor the history, language, art, culture, and empowerment of deaf people† (Gallaudet, 2008). Further, it has pledged its commitment to promoting environmental protection as well as respect for diversity (greenreportcard. org, 2008). Finally, the university also employs and adapts modern technology to the needs of the deaf as can be witnessed at the James Lee Sorenson Language and Communication Center and the Student Academic Center (Gallaudet, 2008). List of References Berke, J. (2007). Deaf History – History of Gallaudet University. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from http://deafness. about. com/cs/featurearticles/a/gallyhistory. htm. Gallaudet University (2008). History, Diversity, Fast Facts. Retrieved 14 October, 2008 from http://www. gallaudet. edu/Diversity. xml. Greenreportcard. org (2008). College Sustainability Report Card: Gallaudet University. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from http://www. greenreportcard. org/report-card- 2009/schools/gallaudet-university. Jordan, I. K. (2007). Deaf Culture and Gallaudet. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp- dyn/content/article/2007/01/21/AR2007012101118. html? sub=AR.

Essay --

The widespread violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is associated with an epidemic of rape. The alarming brutality in the Eastern Congo results in thousands of cases of rape and genital injury with devastating psychosocial consequences. A disturbing ideology promoting and rewarding behavioral dominance through the subjugation and violent treatment of men, women, and children, led to an emerging socially literate psychology of militarized masculinity. Through active examinations of this framework, concepts like rape as a weapon of war emerge in an attempt to explain the connection between the proliferation of armed groups and the perpetration of sexual violence as a pervasive and destructive feature of society. In this conflict environment, rape is a vehicle for terrorism, displacement, and demoralization that deliberately incurs severe sexual trauma leading to a new pathology of rape with extreme violence . These emerging pathologies are denoted as social phenomena , emerging in the context of war from perpetuated violence, and explained in retrospective analyses of sexual violence. We view the role of social behavior through the interactions between aggregated individual acts of rape, and the long-standing systematic pressures and processes in the conflict. What’s missing is the analysis of collective behavior and the impacts on social cohesion. In the Congo, wider social norms and entities – the masculine collective – like rebel groups continue to promote behavior conducive to sexual violence. It is therefore important to go beyond the traditionally narrow individualism of gender analysis, and examine the behavioral products of masculine socialization – moving the conversation from morality to sociology, and f... ...ctural violence that makes them a target of sexual violence. This cover-up is done through established sociospatial zones that engender violence and characterize the environment as a space in which violence routinely occurs, and where women are routinely violated. Most examinations in the Congo focus on the practical military application of rape as a weapon, not the psychosocial implications that enable intimate partners to take advantage of men, women, and children. Because intimate partners are presumed to be far removed from a military context, and are viewed as civilians, they are effectively removed from the zone of scrutiny and find solace in sociospatial zones which condone sexual violence. As a result, the victims are ultimately blamed for the violence visited upon them, and the enormity of what is done to them in these areas remains largely unacknowledged.

Go for Broke Essay

The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was a unique military unit in the United States Army during the Second World War. It was unique in the sense that it was made up primarily of nisei or second-generation Japanese-Americans, a combination of Americans of Japanese descent or emigrants from Japan. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 was the raison d’etre for the 442nd RCT. In the days following the attack, the Japanese-American community took a brunt of the severe backlash as those in the mainland were forcibly relocated to internment camps in remote areas in the western United States when their loyalty was in doubt and despite the professions of loyalty among these Japanese-Americans while those on Hawaii were kept under close guard in their communities though those serving in military units such as the National Guard were dismissed (Inouye, 1967, 78; Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 85). Feeling their honor tarnished and being treated unfairly, the Japanese-American community lobbied very hard for a chance to prove their loyalty to the United States by military service. In 1943, recognizing the commitment and loyalty displayed by the Japanese-American community in Hawaii, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the creation of a separate military unit to be made up of these Japanese-Americans. By 1943, the 442nd RCT was created and made up primarily of Japanese-Americans from the internment camp on the mainland, including those from Hawaii. The unit was originally made up of 4,000 men and were commanded by white officers though the some nisei were eventually given battlefield commissions. Their official motto was â€Å"Go for Broke! † Initially this was their motivation in fighting hard but eventually, this motto had a much deeper meaning as these nisei were giving their all in fighting the enemy, not only the Axis but the racial bigotry in the United States in order to prove their worth as citizens of the United States. Throughout their combat service, the 442nd fought mainly in the Mediterranean theater from North Africa to the Italian campaigns at Cassino and Anzio though one unit from the Regiment, the 552nd Field Artillery Battalion helped liberate Jews from the Dachau concentration camp (Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 90). By the time the campaign had ended, the 44nd became one of the highly decorated units for a â€Å"special† unit during the war with 21 Medals of Honor, most of which were belatedly given many years later; 7 Presidential Unit Citations (the group equivalent of the Medal of Honor for individuals) and almost 20,000 other awards and decorations, especially the Purple Heart which made up half that number due to their high casualty rate that they were called the â€Å"Purple Heart Brigade† (Sterner, 2008, 70). Their service has somewhat vindicated their loved ones interned and helped break the racial barrier between the Japanese Americans and the whites. President Roosevelt was so impressed that that they were actually invited to the White House to call on him (Sterner, 2008, 141). As an epilogue, some of them went on to greater things such as Daniel Inouye, who went on to become a United States Senator and continues to serve to this day. In conclusion, the men of the 442nd had proven themselves to be worthy citizens of the United States and they had paid for it in blood. They had proven that although they are oriental on the outside, they are very much American at heart. References Cooper, M. (2000). Fighting for Honor: Japanese Americans and World War II. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. Fugita, S. & Fernandez, M. (2004). Altered Lives, Enduring Community. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Hawaii Nikkei History Editorial Board. (1998). Japanese Eyes, American Heart. Honolulu: Tendai Educational Foundation. Henry, M. R. & Chapell, M. (2000). The US Army of World War II (2): The Mediterranean. Oxford: Osprey Publications. Inouye, D. (1967). Go For Broke! In In N. J. Sparks (Ed. ) True Stories of World War II. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. Salyer, L. (2004). â€Å"Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and US Citizenship Policy, 1918-1935. † The Journal of American History 91 (3). 847-876. Sterner, C. D. (2008). Go For Broke. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. Tateishi, J (1984). And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. New York: Random House.

Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations Department

An efficient work force is important to the overall success of any organization and this also has implications for the overall success of a country’s economy.Not only do organizations require adequate numbers of workers to fill essential positions, these workers need to be highly productive so that the organization makes optimal use of the capital it invests in labour. It is evident therefore that the overall productivity of the workforce will go a far way in determining the eventual viability of the organization.Analysts have tended to link worker productivity with increased living standards, arguing that increased efficiency leads to increased remuneration which therefore improves individual as well as national living standards (Monthly Labour Review, 2007).The counter to this position is that employees who are producing below a certain minimum standard may affect the productivity of the entire organization, so much so, that organizational productivity decreases over time.In these days of harsh competition, organizations cannot afford to make such grave mistakes when it comes to recruiting new staff members. All current, new and aspiring employees must have in mind the vision and goal of the company and work towards their accomplishment in the most efficient way possible.Seeing the importance of a productive workforce in determining organizational success, it is evident that organizations have to adopt appropriate strategies to attract the best employees to fill all positions within the organization.While it is difficult to predict, at the initial stages, the level at which a potential employee will produce, it is essential that organizations ensure that mechanisms are put in place which ensure that the recruitment and selection process results in the hiring of employees that will contribute to the overall productivity of the firm by bringing to the job high productivity.Recruitment and selection of employees to a firm cannot be a light matter but must be dealt with by individuals who are themselves highly productive and committed to the overall vision and goals of the organization.Recruitment and selection are functions over which the human resource manager has universal control. It is this category of employees in an organization who are closely conversant with the overall goals of the organization and who are in the best position to decide on appropriate candidates for employment.Management is a process of effectively taking advantage of manpower, materials and resources as well as financial power, to realize the aims of an organization. Since the 1990s the science of management control has witnessed significant changes at both the governmental and organizational levels.The society seems now to be evolving from one that has traditionally been hierarchical to one that features plural management. Nowadays various managers function within a single organization to carry out certain specific functions, decentralizing control.Manage ment science as a field of enquiry developed within large corporations. In the western world the management control literature was piloted at the beginning of the 19th century by theorists such as Taylor and Fayol among others (see Taylor, 1911).In this early era control was seen as an essential aspect and function of management. Control primarily involved the management control of activities, cash flows, people, organizational units and managers. However, as time progressed, the concept of Human Resource Management emerged as an improvement on previous management control models.The HR department is the locus through which the organization is able to meet and sustain its employment needs. Continued and improved worker productivity is therefore one of the primary objectives of the HR department.This department needs to be aware of the organization’s employment strategy, in order to assist by looking for the right talents to help this strategy. It is becoming increasingly clear that the job market is much like the market for goods and services. Employee recruitment has therefore become a mechanism whereby potential employees market their capabilities on the one hand and businesses attempt to recruit the best workers in the particular field (Breaugh, 1992).At the same time, it is of outmost importance that the Human Resources are managed in the most effective way possible in order to achieve the final goal of management control.HR management, through processes such as recruitment and selection provides aspects that link its activities with the strategy of the business itself (McKenna & Beech, 1995). Recruitment and selection therefore represents the first step in the management control processes. Although successful recruitment and selection are not hereby means towards achieving successful management control, there must be a good recruitment and selection system in place to contribute towards this end.This dissertation will attempt to address the twin iss ue of recruitment and selection. Taking the form of a Case Study, this paper will explore and discuss the various methods and procedures of recruitment and selection being used in a specific company – the Yintao Golf Club Co., Ltd. located in China.Aspects pertinent to recruitment and selection, including job descriptions and interviewing practices will be examined in this case study. By examining a single, Chinese company, the researcher will be able to broaden understanding of the Chinese characteristics of HR management. The researcher will attempt therefore to produce an understanding of the nature of Chinese management control at a miniscule level.

HBC Georges T-shirts Example

HBC Georges T HBC Georges T Darden Business Article 10thOctober George’s T-Shirts George Lassiter is said to be a project engineer. He is also managing an interesting sidebusiness on behalf of designing and manufacturing variety of T-Shirts for different occasions. It could be for the purpose of fund-raising or a special even like a musical concert for a renowned music artist. However, these T-shirts were not allowed to be sold with the boundaries of the arenas, where the events like concerts will be held. Furthermore, the T-shirts are perfectly designed and manufactured as well. They are also well priced and sold in the surrounding streets associated with arenas such as parking lots, etc. For this purpose, George obtained proper license from the local authorities to sell T-shirts in the local surroundings. Problem IdentificationIn this particular case of George’s T-Shirt, we have analyzed that George don’t have any proper track record in regards to past data, so he can perform the analysis or you can say forecast the future sales on behalf of his T-Shirts. He is not very realistic in terms of identification of number of T-Shirts to be sold. You can say that he doesn’t have the exact information in regards to how many people will be attending the concert, so he can manufacture the required number of T-shirts on the basis of certain percentage, which he has taken around 10% of overall total. If there will be 75,000 people attending the concert, then on the basis of above mentioned percentage, there will be 7,500 T-shirts will be sold. Solution to the George’s Problem According to the 2000 book, On Target: The book on Marketing Plans, by Berry, Tim and Wilson, Dough â€Å"when you have previous data to call on, so you can use it, further you can compare your forecast data with the past results, and look to the past as a reality check. You can understand what is changing, why, and what may remain the same. Basically, a forecast-to-past comparison is said t o be a quick practical and very powerful analysis as well.†In conclusion, I would say that one should have properly maintained past data, so it can be compared with the forecasted values. You can easily derive your desired values by doing such analysis. Berry Tim, Wilson, Dough. "On Target: The book of Marketing Plans." Eugene. Palo Alto Software Publications, (2000): 70. Document.

How World War II Affected Women

How World War II Affected Women Womens lives changed in many ways during World War II. As with most wars, many women found their roles and opportunities- and responsibilities- expanded. As Doris Weatherford wrote, â€Å"War holds many ironies, and among them is its liberating effect on women.† But the war also results in the special degradation of women, as victims of sexual violence. Around the World While many of the resources on this topic address American women specifically, Americans were by no means unique in being affected by and  playing critical roles in the war. Women in other Allied and Axis countries were also affected. Some ways in which women were affected were specific and unusual: the comfort women of China and Korea and the extermination and suffering of Jewish women in the Holocaust, for example. Women were among those held in internment camps by the United States for being of Japanese descent. Women and the Holocaustâ€Å"Comfort Women: of China and KoreaMargaret Bourke-White Photographs including of concentration and work campsJapanese Internment in the U.S. In other ways, there were similar or parallel global experiences: the advent of British, Soviet, and American women pilots or the worldwide home-makers burden of coping with wartime rationing and shortages, for example. American Women at Home and Work Husbands went to war or went to work in factories in other parts of the country, and the wives had to pick up their husbands responsibilities. With fewer men in the workforce, women filled more traditionally male jobs. World War II: Women at HomeWorld War II: Women at Work  (Images: Rosie the Riveter and Her Sisters)World War II: Women and Government Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, served during the war as the â€Å"eyes and ears† for her husband, whose ability to travel widely was impacted by his disability after he’d contracted polio in 1921. American Women and the Military In the military, women were excluded from combat duty, so women were called on to fill some military jobs that men had performed, to free men for combat duty. Some of those jobs took women near or into combat zones, and sometimes combat came to civilian areas, so some women died.  Special divisions for women were created in most of the military branches. World War II: Women and the MilitaryWASP: Women Pilots of World War II More Roles Some women, American and others, are known for their roles resisting the war.  Some of these women were pacifists, some opposed their country’s side, and some cooperated with invaders. World War II: Women Spies, Traitors, Pacifists, and War OpponentsTokyo Rose: imprisoned for treason, eventually cleared, pardoned in 1977Josephine Baker Celebrities were used on all sides as propaganda figures. A few used their celebrity status to work to raise funds or even to work in the underground. World War II: Women Celebrities and the WarLeni RiefenstahlLillian HellmanFuture celebrity Marilyn Monroe was photographed in a World War II factory job For further exploration, see the excellent read on the topic: Doris Weatherford’s American Women and World War II.

Californiaand the initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Californiaand the initiative - Essay Example Moreover, this era advocated for scientific approaches to decision making as well as medical and engineering solutions. During this period, major reforms were carried out in public education, finance, insurance, medicine, industry, railroads, churches, local government, and many other areas. In order for the people to achieve their objective, various processes were taken into consideration, which gave the need for direct democracy. Direct democracy is a form of democracy that allows people to vote on certain policies directly without engaging their representatives. This process entails passing decisions on various subjects mainly on executive decisions, and formulating new laws directly without consulting the Congress. There are two forms of democracy known as  participatory democracy or  deliberative democracy. California is one of the first states to implement and use direct democracy. However, many countries in the world use representative democracy whereby they are represented by the Congress or the House of Commons. In direct democracy, it does not replace but instead, it complements the Congress form of democracy. It only allows the popular and most important decision as to be decided by the public through processes such as the referendum. However, the Congress, government, and local administration make most of the other decisions. Moreover, direct democracy gives independence to the judiciary and th e executive arms of the government. It is based on the realistic option that the people are the best suited to handle the situations affecting them. It I s based on delegation and not direct representation. In this case, delegates are elected to make decisions on certain subject matter and cannot change previous decisions made by an assembly of the people. However, the delegates themselves can be immediately recalled by their electorate